LCAudio-Zappulse2_1-pwr-sm 维修电路原理图.pdf

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1、ZAPpulse 2.1ZAPpulse 2.1 SE200 Watt RMS 8290 Watt RMS 8(SE)Dynamics, Soundstage, natural musical perception, clarity, warmth!ZAPpulse 2.1 og 2.1SE PWM High EndDigital Audio Power Amplifier module.Balanced and unbalanced line input,Short Circuit Protection, 4 layer circuitboard and controlled switchi

2、ng slopeensure minimal EMC emissions. Soundquality comparable to the best availableanalog power amplifiers.ZAPpulse 2.1ZAPpulse 2.1 SEuses supplies of 35 - 60 VDC and produces 200W RMS8 Ohms,and up to 800 W RMS2 Ohms.runs on 35 - 72 V DCand produces 290 W RMS8 Ohmsand more than 1050W RMS2 Ohms.2.1 S

3、E is equipped with Black Gate VK.L C Audio Technology Ltd. DenmarkCOOKBOOKP u l s e F i e l dT e c h n o l o g yCredit Card sizeRadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L

4、 C Audio Technology.Further information: 2811141772041767531918199161219Content.Bridge coupling of 2 ZAPpulse modulesCompensated ModeComplete Amplifier, SchematicCooling RequirementMechanical DataMore ZAPpulse technologyMinimum SystemPassive Volume controlPrinciple of operationProfessional useShoppi

5、ng ListSurround SystemSyncronous ModeTechnical DataInput- Output connectionsOutput power Correlation with Supply VoltagePower Supply ConnectionsSwitching frequency considerationsZAPpulse 2.1 withActive CrossoverL C Audio Technology Inc.ZAPpulse 2.12RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库Principle of Operation.L C A

6、udio Technology ApSL C Audio Technology Inc.In a conventional amplifier the inputsignal is amplified through variousanalog stages to a progressively higheramplitude. In the final stages of theamplifier, the output stage, high currentcapability is added to enable theamplifier to drive loudspeaker loa

7、ds.When current is drawn out of the outputstage to the load, heat is dissapated inthe output stages, since the loadcurrent multiplied with the voltage dropover the output device gives a powervalue (of average 60% of the max.output power) that needs to disappatein heatsinks. 60% is not the power loss

8、After the output devices the squarewave need to be filtered with a chokeand capacitor, to get an analog outputsignal without noise that can be fed tothe loudspeakers. The choke andcapacitors quality is paramount in orderto get a good sound quality, so we usean oversized (1.5 kW) ultra high speedferr

9、ite core with silver conductor andTEFLON insulator. This choke has avery low impedance of only 5 milliOhms, and allows for a good dampingfactor in any speaker load. To get anoutput signal of say 30V, the outputdevices are made to switch high 75% oftime, and 25% of time low. In this casethe Pulse Wid

10、th is 75%, since the V+ -V- is 120V, the output voltage seen fromV- is 75% of 120V = 90V. 90V on top of-60V is 30V, as wanted in our example.Operating from +60V to -60V allows forany output voltage in this range,including 0V. Thus a total DC coupledsystem for highest possible soundperformance. Pulse

11、 Width Modulation isoften shortened to PWM. A veryimportant stage in a PWM amplifier isthe modulator, that can be made ivarious ways, with different properties.We have selected and optimized thebalanced integrating type, as it is highlystable, and has very low distortion.at maximum output power, but

12、 theaverage heat disappated at variousoutput power levels (except very smalllevels below 1W). So a 100 Wattamplifier will averagely need todisappate 60 Watts power intoheatsinks. The ZAPpulse operates in adifferent way, the output devices areeither on or off with no significantvoltage drop, so even

13、when the loaddraw large amounts of current, there isonly minimal power to be disappated.To control the signal amplitude, thepulse width of the output square wave iscontrolled very accurately.OutGnd+60V-60VFilterIntegratorDifferentialComparatorGate DriverOutput StageOutput FilterP u l s e F i e l dT

14、e c h n o l o g yGnd+ZAPpulse 2.1Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.3L C Audio Technology Inc.4More ZAPpulse 2.1 Technology!The heart of the ZAPpulse amplifier is aba

15、lanced integrating PWM modulator. Itbasicly integrated the DC level of onswitching cycle of the output stage,including any switching noises, slopedifferences etc. Then this value iscompared, and corrected in the nextswitching cycle to create an outputsignal of exactly 0 Volt. This correctionis perfo

16、rmed every switching cycle,which is about 500.000 times persecond.The input signal is injected directly intothe integrator to keep signal paths ultrashort. No signal conditioning, such asDC blocking, HF blocking or otherlimiting factors are present on theZAPpulse module. So if this is requiredby you

17、r application, you have to addthese functions outside the module.When signal is applied to the input, theintegrator no longer corrects the outputsignal level to 0 Volts, but rather to thesignal curves.The feedback group delay is kept verylow, only around 2 uS, to allow for TIMfree operation. The ana

18、log integratingfeedback loop has a lower group delayof any completely digital (A/D based)feedback loop. And since outputswitching noise products are the sameno matter the modulator type, theanalog feedback loop gives a muchbetter rejection of noise products than atrue digital approach. Its all about

19、speed, and how fast the noise can becancelled.The output square wave has a basefrequency of typ. 500 kHz, and risetimes of some 10.000 V/uS. The slopesare minimised to around 50nS to keepswitching losses low at heavy speakerloads. However at low signal amplitudesthe main power loss comes fromcapacit

20、ies in the MOSFETs, sotransitions are slowed to reduce EMI,noise and idle loss. This is controlled bythe PulseField circuit in the Gate driver.A simple rule says that at no signal, aZAPpulse loses some 9.5 Watts powerto capacities in the MOSFETs, and atfull power it loses another 9.5 Watts toserial

21、resistance. So at 500 W out youonly have to disappate around 19 Wattsto the heat sinks.One great advantage PWM amplifiershave over conventional analogamplifiers is, that in the analog amplifierit is difficult to avoid the harmonicdistortion products, that are signaldependent, and therefore interacts

22、 withsound quality. In the PWM amp, thedistortion is non-harmonic, and inde-pendent of signal contents. In sonicperformance properties this translatesto the PWM amplifiers exceptionalability to expand the sound stage withadded sound level. An analog amplifierwould typically collapse the soundstageat

23、 higher levels, depending on the sizeof the power supply (why we have hugepower supply banks in all our analogamplifiers). The PWM will play with wideand deep sound stage at any lisyteninglevel, even with a very (almost too)small power supply. We have madetests with a 2 x 250 W RMS ZAPpulseamp, runn

24、ing with only two 2200 uF100V main caps. And it still has plentyof bass control, definition, width anddepth.Opportunities for interestingexperiments in this field are obvious.ZAPpulse 2.1Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allow

25、ed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.L C Audio Technology Inc.+60V-60VPowerGNDPowerGNDOUT10.000uF63V10.000uF63VConnection of Power Supply.To make ZAPpulse 2.1 work, simplyconnect a typical Audio Power Supplyof +/-35V to +/-60V (+/- 72V for SEversion). The output power depends onth

26、e voltage of the power supply. The 2.1standard version uses 63V capacitors,on the board, while the 2.1 SE uses 160V caps. This is why the SE can bemade to deliver much higher powersthan the standard modules. In thestandard version, the sound quality ofthe main caps must be considered.The midrange an

27、d treble sonicproperties of these caps, will interactwith the overall sound performance ofthe amplifier, so we recommend usingvery high quality caps with standardmodules. With the SE modules the midand high frequency performance is fixedat the highest level by the Black GateVK caps (47 uF 160V). So

28、PSU capsonly need to have good bass props.Always use short and heavy wirebetween PSU caps and modules( 4-5 inches).There is no need for huge capacitor banks, 2 pcs.10.000 uF wil do fine for any normal speaker load. At2 Ohms load, maybe 2 pcs. 22.000 uF will work perfectly.All energy in the capacitor

29、 bank is translated almostlossless to audio power. Practical experiments show thateven with only 2200uF these modules will deliverincredible high performance Audio sound. (8 Ohms speakers).ZAPpulse 2.1ZAPpulse 2.1+60V-60VPowerGNDSHORT!SHORT!SHORT!Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal

30、 use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.5L C Audio Technology Inc.The Output power can be calculated asa result of the max. signal amplitude,which depends on the supply voltage.At +/- 60V Supply Voltage the amp canideally de

31、liver 120 Vpp. To calculate theoutput power we need the RMS value,which is simply 120 / 2pi = 120 / 2,82 =42,6 Vrms (in this example).Output power is then calculated usingOhms Law:P = Output Power RMSU = RMS Voltage (42,6)R = Speaker Impedance (8)You can also bridge two ZAPpulsemodules to get a much

32、 higher outputpower. See how later in this booklet.In this example 223 watts RMS.This was ideal values, in ZAPpulse thepractical values are corrected with aserial loss of 1 - 3 VDC depending onload impedance (1 V 8 Ohms).At +/- 60 VDC you will get a practicaloutput power of: some 210 Watts RMS.See b

33、elow for output powers at othertransformer voltages, and loadimpedances.Bottom table shows bridge modeZAPpulse modules operating at veryhigh power!Correlation of Output Power and Supply Voltage.2URTransformer Voltage2 x 24 V AC2 x 27 V AC2 x 33 V AC2 x 36 V AC2 x 40 V AC2 x 42 V AC2 x 45 V AC2 x 50

34、V ACTransformer Voltage2 x 24 V AC2 x 27 V AC2 x 33 V AC2 x 36 V AC2 x 40 V AC2 x 42 V AC2 x 45 V AC2 x 50 V AC: We can NOT guarantee the modules to operate safely with this load.noteDC Voltage after Rect.+/- 32 V DC+/- 36 V DC+/- 45 V DC+/- 49 V DC+/- 55 V DC+/- 58 V DC+/- 62 V DC+/- 69 V DCDC Volt

35、age after Rect.+/- 32 V DC+/- 36 V DC+/- 45 V DC+/- 49 V DC+/- 55 V DC+/- 58 V DC+/- 62 V DC+/- 69 V DCP out in 8 Ohms60 W78 W119 W144 W180 W200 W230 W286 WP out in 8 Ohms219 W286 W448 W542 W682 W758 W879 W1100 WP out in 4 Ohms106 W137 W222 W266 W340 W380 W438 W548 WP out in 4 Ohms397 W526 W837 W101

36、9 W1291 W1439 WnotenoteP =ZAPpulse 2.1Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.67L C Audio Technology Inc.Input- and output connections.Different input- and output options

37、shown.+Out+Out+Out-Out-Out-Out+60V-60VPowerGNDOUT+60V-60VPowerGNDOUT+60V-60VPowerGNDOUTUnbalanced input connection.Balanced input connectionPassive Volume control123XLR HUNChassis plugseen from back side.If you want to ensure stable operation of your amplifier, then avoid input wires to run along wi

38、th speaker wires,or wires from the transformer (both primary and secondary wires).STRIPLINESTRIPLINEPotentiometer 10k log.Seen fromfront side.ZAPpulse 2.1Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission fro

39、m L C Audio Technology.78L C Audio Technology Inc.Bridging.Thanks to the tru balanced input circuits, it is very simple to bridge ZAPpulse modulesand achieve extreme high output powers. Suitable for PA systems and PRO subwoofers.+Out+Out-Out-Out+60V-60VPowerGNDOUT+60V-60VPowerGNDOUT+60V-60VPowerGNDO

40、UT+60V-60VPowerGNDOUTShort / Heavy DutyShort / Heavy DutyUnbalanced Input Signal.Balanced Input Signal.123XLR FEMALEChassis plugseen from back.ZAPpulse 2.1Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission fr

41、om L C Audio Technology.8L C Audio Technology Inc.9Considerations on Switching Frequency.The Switching frequency is the rate ofwhich the output stage switches highand low with various duty cycle tocreate the Audio output signal. Thisfrequency has no direct connection tothe frequency bandwidth of the

42、amplifier, although there are somedependencies. The Bandwidth of theamplifier is mainly limited by the outputchoke, filter cap and speaker loadimpedance. Typically ZAPpulse 2.1 willhave a linear bandwidth to around 180kHz for full power.The switching frequency can becontrolled or as normally left in

43、 the freerunning mode. In this mode the modulewill run at its natural switchingfrequency of around 490 kHz.In some cases it is useful to control theswitching frequency with an externaloscillator, and this is possible by simplyapplying a TTL or sinusoidal frequencyof 250kHz - 1 MHz to the Sync. input

44、(see later). If you have 4 - 5 - 8channels in one enclosure, switchingnoise can be reduced this way. Alsoresolution in the treble range may beslightly improved, by running theamplifier at 1 MHz, instead of 490 kHz.You may also want to experiment with acompletely syncronized audio system,where a 1.05

45、 MHz signal is derivedfrom a central 16.9 MHz clock, that alsocontrols your D/A converter and CDplayer transport. NOTE Frequenciesbelow 250 kHz or above 1 MHz maydamage the module permanently.Through hole plated wire terminals allow for stable and easy connection of wires up to 12 AWG / 2.5 sqr. The

46、seplatings connect directly to ground and power planes with copper tracks as wide as the entire board. Sothere is practically no loss in the circuit board. The Black Gate VK caps on this 2.1 SE module enforcesperfect midrange and treble reproduction independant of Power Supply Caps sound quality.ZAP

47、pulse 2.1ZAPpulse 2.1 SECopying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.L C Audio Technology Inc.A ZAPpulse 2.1 module has exactly the same footprint as a normal credit card.ZAPpu

48、lse 2.1ZAPpulse 2.1 SE 500 Watt RMS4OhmsThis photo shows the simplicity of a complete amplifier based on ZAPpulse modules. The board in the upperleft corner is a DC filter that prevents the transformer from humming in case there is DC on the mains grid.As can be seen there are both balanced and unba

49、lanced input plugs connected to this amplifier, and it is aviable option. So just plug in the signal type you wish to use. In this amp we have used the T-Network capsfrom BHC Aerovox, they are good but very expensive. In case you want to use cheaper caps, we recommendchanging to ZAPpulse 2.1 SE, as

50、they are virtually independent of the caps quality.Copying and distribution of this material for pesonal use is allowed. No commercial use of this material is allowed without written permission from L C Audio Technology.10L C Audio Technology Inc.11Comp. Mode isinvoked by connectinga piece of wirefr