Anritsu 11410-00358 电路图.pdf

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1、 Must-Have Reference For Wireless Communication Understanding Wireless Telecom and Data Communications Terminology RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 2 Anritsu Company The Must-Have Reference for Wireless Communication This reference will help you understand the terminology associated with wireless telecom and

2、 data communications to let you make more informed decisions about new technology, products, and services. In addition, it shows which Anritsu products provide test and measurement solutions in each area. Some of the terms referenced here go beyond wireless applications and are explained in Anritsu

3、Companys Must-Have Reference For IP and Next Generation Networking. Furthermore, the online version of this document is updated frequently and may contain new terminology or more recent information. Both reference documents plus an overview of Anritsu wireless test and measurement products are avail

4、able at Wireless Telecom Technology (Part 1) Wireless Technology CDMA IS-95 cdma2000 1xRTT cdma2000 1xEV-DO cdma2000 1xEV-DV TDMA Wireless Standard TIA/EIA/IS-95A, TIA/EIS IS-95B TIA/EIA/IS-2000 www.3gpp2.org TIA/EIA/IS-856 www.3gpp2.org TIA/EIA/IS-2000 Releases C 120 kbps typ eff throughput 144 kbp

5、s-2 Mbps max; 384 kbps typ 14 Mbps max; 10.8 Mbps max eff throughput 5.76 Mbps max Generation 2G 2.5G 2.5G+ 3G 3.5G 3.75G Relevant Anritsu Test and Measurement Products Mobile Unit or Base Station MS8608A MS8609A MS2681A/83A/8 7B MS2721A MS2711D MT8212B S251C S332D MG3700A MT8220A MS8608A MS8609A MS

6、2681A/83A/8 7B MS2721A MS2711D MT8212B S251C S332D MG3700A MT8220A MS8608A MS8609A MS2681A/83A/8 7B MS2721A MG3681A ML2480A MS2711D MT8212B S251C S332D MG3700A MT8220A MS8608A MS8609A MS2681A/83A/ 87B MS2721A MG3681A ML2480A ML8721B (BS only) MS2711D MT8212B S332D MG3700A MS2781A MT8220A MS8608A MS8

7、609A MG3681A MG3700A MT8220A Mobile Unit Only CRCA Software MT8820A MT8815A MT8510B MA8120C MT8820A MT8815A MA8120C MT8820A MT8815A MA8120C ME7873A MT8820A MT8815A MT8510B PTS Software RTD Software MD8480B MA8120C MD8480C MT8820A MT8815A MA8120C MA8120C RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 4 Anritsu Company Wire

8、less Datacom Technology Wireless Technology IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth IEEE 802.11a Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11b Wi-Fi IEEE 802.11g Wi-Fi IEEE 802.16d WiMAX Wireless Standard www.bluetooth.org www.Ieee.org/11 www.Ieee.org/11 www.Ieee.org/11 www.ieee802.org/16 Frequency Range 2.402-2.480 GHz 5.150-5.825 GHz 2.4 G

9、Hz 2.4 GHz 2-11 GHz Channel Bandwidth 1 MHz 20 MHz 10-30 MHz 25 MHz 1.25-20 MHz Max Link Length 10 m 60-100 ft 150-300 ft 31 mi Data Rate v1: 1 Mbps v2: 3 Mbps Up to 54 Mbps; 1-2 Mbps throughput common Up to 11 Mbps; 8-10 Mbps throughput common Up to 54 Mbps Up to 75 Mbps Relevant Anritsu Test and M

10、easurement Products Mobile Unit or Base Station MS2681A/83A/87B ML2480A MT8850A MT8852A ME7865A MA8120C MT8860A MS8608A MS8609A MS2681A/83A/87B MS2721A ML2480A S332D+FCN4760 MS2711D+FCN4760 MG3700A MT8860A MS8608A MS8609A MS2681A/83A/87B MS2721A ML2480A MS2711D MT8212B S332D MG3700A MT8860A MS8608A

11、MS8609A MS2681A/83A/87B MS2721A ML2480A MS2711D MT8212B S332D MG3700A MS2721A MG3700A Mobile Unit Only Not applicable MA8120C MA8120C MA8120C The Bluetooth word mark and logos are owned by the Bluetooth SIG, Inc. and any use of such marks by Anritsu is under license. Other trademarks and trade names

12、 are those of their respective owners Anritsu Company 5 The Must-Have Reference for Wireless Communication Terms and Mnemonics 1G First Generation Cellular Wireless The first generation of cellular wireless (1G) was based on analog technology. The systems were designed only to carry voice technology

13、. 1xEV-DO 1x Evolution Data Only 1xEV-DO (cdma2000) is a 3G mobile standard that is the next EVolution of cdma2000 (1xRTT), intended to provide powerful data transmission capabilities for mobile phones using a second 1.25 MHz channel exclusively for non-real time data applications. 1xEV-DO is a TDMA

14、 technology. Multiple users are supported by giving all available radio link power to users one at a time. It is not backward compatible to 1xRTT and does not support voice. Most cdma2000 network operators are expected to combine 1x and 1xEV-DO channels in their systems to provide varying voice and

15、data capacities as required by customer demand. Qualcomm was originally driving this standard. Verizon began deploying 1xEV-DO service trials in 2003, and 1xEV-DO had 4.2 million subscribers at the end of 2003. Verizon expects to offer a version of 1XEV-DO service to in-flight airline passengers in

16、2007, based on trials begun in 2004 with peak speeds of 2.4 Mbps. Rev. 0 provides a peak data rate of 2.4 Mbps downstream and 153.6 kbps upstream, although actual downstream rates are often 300-600 kbps. It uses adaptive coding and modulation based on radio conditions: QPSK, 8-PSK, or 16QAM. Rev. A

17、(or 1xEV-DOrA) increases peak data rates to 3.1 Mbps downstream and 1.8 Mbps upstream, enabling more applications and improving capabilities for services such as VoIP and video calling. It also adds QoS, important for VoIP, 6 Anritsu Company and multicast capabilities, important for live video strea

18、ming. Rev. A has 1.2 times the Rev. 0 sector capacity on the forward link and 2.0 times the sector capacity on the reverse link within the same 1.25 MHz, supporting more users. It is fully backward compatible and interoperable with Rev. 0 systems. First Rev. A chipset samples were available in April

19、 2005, with likely availability for carrier services to be launched in 2006. Rev. B, whose definition will not likely be completed until late 2006, proposes multiple carriers to improve bandwidth, somewhat like HSDPA. 1xEV-DV 1X Evolution Data and Voice 1xEV-DV (cdma2000) is a 3G mobile standard tha

20、t promises to provide data-rate speeds of 1.2 Mbps for mobile users, with peak data speeds up to 5.2 Mbps for stationary users. It is a true CDMA technology that integrates voice and simultaneous high-speed packet data multimedia services on the same frequency channel, based on a combination of 1xRT

21、T and 1xEV-DO technologies. It uses adaptive coding and modulation based on radio conditions: QPSK, 8-PSK, or 16QAM. Nokia and Motorola were key backers of this standard. Sprint originally proposed this service for 2005-2006. There is some recent lack of interest in pursuing 1xEV-DV quickly, however

22、, due to the improved performance of 1xEV-DO Rev. A. Also, both base and mobile stations need significant enhancements to support dynamic decisions and higher speeds, requiring the BTS to dynamically allocate the radio link power. 1xRTT 1X Radio Transmission Technology 1xRTT indicates cdma2000, the

23、next generation of standard CDMA that offers between 1.5 and 2 times the number of voice channels as a standard CDMA system see cdma2000. It has peak data rates of 153 kbps and backwards compatibility with cdmaOne networks. 1x stands for one times 1.25 MHz carrier, as used in 2G CDMA. RTT stands for

24、 Radio Transmission Technology. cdma2000 1x is 21 times more efficient than analog cellular and 4 times more efficient than TDMA networks. 1xRTT provides for a 307.2 kbps peak data rate in both the downstream and upstream directions. Multiple users are supported by distributing the available radio l

25、ink power among them all. 2G Second Generation Cellular Wireless 2G cellular wireless technology converts voice to digital data for transmission over the air and then back to voice. Most 2G systems provide 9.6-14.4 Kbps circuit-switched data service. 2.5G Enhanced Second Generation Cellular Wireless

26、 2.5G refers to technology that is added to a 2G network to provide packet-data service. In practice, 2.5G is synonymous with the GPRS technology that has been added to GSM networks, defined by 3GPP Release 97 (see 3GPP). 3G Third Generation Cellular Wireless 3G systems have been designed for both v

27、oice and data. By International Telecommunications Union (ITU) definition, 3G systems must provide a minimum of 144 kbps packet-data service. Regarding 3G Release specifications, see 3GPP. 3.5G Enhanced Third Generation Cellular Wireless 3.5G refers to evolutionary upgrades to 3G services starting i

28、n 2005-2006 that provide significantly enhanced performance. High Speed Downlink Packet Access is expected to become the most popular 3.5G technology (see HSDPA). 3.99G See Super 3G. 3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project 3GPP is a global body dedicated to developing 3G specifications. In 1997-98

29、, Nokia was active in establishing 3GPP as the organization for developing global 3G standards based on W-CDMA technology. Specifications for W-CDMA radio access networks were rapidly established and in 2000, Nokia promoted the transfer of GSM/EDGE standardization to 3GPP. The first commercial W-CDM

30、A products were released based on the 3GPP Release 99. Standardization continues with Releases 4, 5, 6, and 7. 3GPP standard releases, also referred to as UMTS or GSM/EDGE releases, are described on the 3GPP Specifications Web page. These include: Release 97 or R97 (1997) Introduced GPRS for deliver

31、ing data over GSM. Release 99 or R99 (1999) First release of the 3G UMTS standard, including W-CDMA. Release 4 or Rel-4 (2001) Introduced separate circuit switched and packet switched domains. Introduced EDGE. Release 5 or Rel-5 (Mar03) Introduced IMS as the packet domain control structure. Updated

32、GSM Anritsu Company 7 specifications. Introduced HSDPA. (See IMS, HSDPA.) Release 6 or Rel-6 (Dec04-Mar05) Enhances IMS specifications, including QoS improvements. Release 7 Definition started in mid-2005. Will add to IMS specifications. 3GPP2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2 3GPP2 is a collab

33、orative Third Generation (3G) telecommunications specification-setting project comprising North American and Asian interests on the development of the next generation cdma2000 wireless communications. 3GPP2 is largely based on Qualcomm cdma2000 product standards. 3GSM 3GSM is another name for the W-

34、CDMA 3G standard. (See 3G.) 3GSP 3G Service Provider A mobile operator that has a 3G license to provide 3G services to customers. 3xEV-DO/DV 3X Evolution Data Only/Data and Voice Enhanced versions of 1XEV-DO or 1xEV-DV with three channels of data/voice. The details of 3xEV are unclear. 4G Fourth Gen

35、eration Cellular Wireless 4G technologies are still in the early research stage and no consistent industry definition exists yet. NTT DoCoMo has described technology for a possible future 4G standard based on a 101.5 MHz bandwidth downlink and 40 MHz bandwidth uplink. The downlink scheme uses VSF (V

36、ariable Spreading Factor) OFCDM (Orthogonal Frequency and Code Division Multiplexing) with a target data rate over 100 Mbps, and the uplink uses VSF CDMA with a target data rate over 20 Mbps. 4G is likely to include MIMO technologies (see MIMO). NTT does not expect 4G utilization until 2010. 802.11

37、Wireless LANs (Wi-Fi) 802.11, known as Wi-Fi, defines standards for wireless LANs (WLANs) and was approved in Jul97. WLANs provide half- duplex (not simultaneous bidirectional) connections that are shared, not switched. IEEE 802.11a and 802.11b (standardized in Sept99) and 802.11g (standardized in m

38、id-2003) define different physical layer standards for WLANs, and the 802.11 standard offers no provisions for interoperability between these physical layers. Microsoft certification applies to both 802.11a and 802.11b. The IEEE 802.11 Working Group page has helpful information. Toshiba said it ship

39、ped the industrys first laptop PC with built-in dual 802.11a/b connectivity in Dec02. The Wi-Fi Alliance (www.wi-fi.org), previously known as WECA, promotes the standard, tests products for interoperability, and awards the “Wi-Fi” mark to those that past. Wi-Fi Alliance certified over 500 products b

40、y November 02. Security is one of the biggest issues with wireless LANs see WPA and WEP, as well as 802.11i (below). By the end of 2003, unit shipments of 802.11g interfaces surpassed shipments of 802.11b and continued to grow while 802.11b shipments decline. By the end of 2004, nearly all chip sets

41、 being supplied by manufacturers support either 802.11b or a combination of 802.11b/802.11g. An 802.11g device typically uses four times the power of an 802.11b device, so 802.11b is often preferred for mobile units and handheld data terminals. 802.11b implementations are also less expensive, so 802

42、.11b is often used in wireless gaming products and toys. 802.11a 802.11a operates at 5 GHz and provides data rates up to 54 Mbps using OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation, like European digital TV. 802.11a supports a maximum of 24 unique connections per access point, far mor

43、e than the three connections supported by 802.11b and 802.11g. Compared to 802.11b, 802.11a offers higher (2X-5X) theoretical throughput, more available frequencies, avoiding multipath echoes, but shorter range (60- 100 feet). Actual throughput at typical operating distances is often only 1-2 Mbps.

44、802.11a products did not become available from most U.S. vendors until early 2002. 802.11b 802.11b operates at 2.4 GHz (along with cordless phones and microwave ovens) and provides theoretical data rates up to 11 Mbps over links of 150-300 feet using Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSMM) modulation

45、. Actual throughput is typically never more than 5 Mbps. 802.11b supports a maximum of three unique connections per access point, and 802.11b-compatible products were the first ones to become available in the U.S. Regarding 802.11a vs. 802.11b, Wi-Fi Planet has a helpful paper on making choices and

46、Linksys has helpful information on the technical differences. 802.11d Similar to 802.11b with options to adjust frequency, power level, and signal bandwidth for use in countries where the other 802.11 standards are not allowed. 802.11e 8 Anritsu Company Provides QoS (Quality of Service) that will be

47、 important for voice and multimedia transmission by describing error correction and bandwidth management to be used in 802.11a and 802.11b. There are two versions. EDCA (Enhanced Digital Control Access) mode, called WME (Wireless Multimedia Extensions), will become available first with certification

48、 testing planned starting Sept04. WME defines eight levels of access priority and provides more access to higher-priority packets than to lower-priority packets but provides no bandwidth guarantees, and is probably best suited for one-way audio. HCCA (HCF Coordinated Channel Access), also known as W

49、SM (Wireless Scheduled Multimedia), is a polled access method that includes WME and provides guaranteed bandwidth scheduling reservations. WSM, with certification testing planned starting Dec04, is probably best suited for two-way streaming voice and video. The IEEE approved 802.11e in September 2005. Regarding QoS for Voice Over WLAN (VoWLAN), see SpectraLink Voice Priority (SVP). Also see Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM). 802.