HP-410B-Manual-SNprefix-024 电路图.pdf

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1、HP Archive This vintage Hewlett Packard document was preserved and distributed by Pleasevisituson the web! Scanned by on-line curator: Tony Gerbic * For FREE Distribution Only * RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 m o . 0- X 410B VACUUMTUBE 4 VOLTMETER OPERATING.ANDSERVICE.MANUAL F HEWLETTjlPACKARD :r 1J o m Ra

2、dioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 HEWLETTPACKARD CERTIFICATION TheHewlett-Packard Company certifiesthatthis instrument was thoroughly tested and inspected and found to meet its published specifications whenitwas shipped fromthefactory.TheHewlett- PackardCompany further certifiesthatitscalibrationmeasurements ar

3、e traceable to theU.S.National Bureau ofStandards to the extent allowed bytheBureauscalibration facility. WARRANTYANDASSISTANCE AllHewlett-Packardproductsarewarrantedagainstdefectsin materialsandworkmanship. Thiswarrantyapplies for one year from thedateofdelivery, or, inthecaseofcertainmajorcomponen

4、tslisted intheoperating manual,.f()rthespecified period.Wewillrepairor replace products which provetobe defective duringthewarranty period. Nootherwarrantyisexpressedorimplied.Wearenotliable for consequential damages. Foranyassistance contact your nearest Hewlett-Packard Salesand ServiceOffice.Addre

5、sses are providedattheback of this manual. RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 OPERATINGANDSERVICEMANUAL (HP PARTNO.4108-902) MODEL VACUUMTUBE 410B VOLTMETER SERIALSPREFIXED:024 AppendixC,ManualBackdating Changesadaptsthismanualto SerialsPrefixed: 024-44032andbelow, below024-, 003-31433andbelow,Serials21434-258

6、33, 21433andbelow, 04252andbelow. CopyrightHewlett-PackardCompany1955 P.O.Box301,Loveland,Colorado,80537 U. S. A. Printed:OCT1966 000 SECTION I CONTENTS GENERAL 000 1 - 1 1 - 2 1 - 3 1 - 4 1 - 5 1 - 6 GeneralDescription. PowerLineVoltage. ThreeConductorPowerCable Accessories. . . . . . . . . . . Ini

7、tialAssemblyoftheProbeAssembly MeterMovementMechanicalZero I - 1 I - 1 1.-1 I - 2 I - 2 1-2 SECTIONIIOPERATINGINSTRUCTIONS 2 - 1 2 - 2 2 - 3 2 - 4 2 - 5 2 - 6 2 - 7 2 - 8 2 - 9 2 -10 OperatingControlsandTerminals OperatingAdjustments. Step-by-StepOperatingProcedures. ProcedureforMeasuringDCVoltages

8、ProceduresforMeasuringACVoltages ProcedureforMeasuringResistances. ElectricalCharacteristicsoftheDiodeandProbe ACMeasurementPrecautions. . . . . . . . . PulseMeasurements. ResistanceMeasurementAbove 500Megohms II- 1 II- 1 II -2 11-2 II- 3 11-4 II -4 II-6 II-7 11-8 SECTIONillTHEORYOFOPERATION 3 - 1 3

9、 - 2 3 - 3 3 - 4 3 - 5 3 - 6 3 - 7 General. R-FRectifier. RangeExtendingResistors DCAmplifier. . . . . . MeterCircuit. ResistanceMeasurement Power Supply. . . . . . . . III -1 III -2 III -3 III - 3 III -3 III -5 III -5 SECTIONIVMAINTENANCE 4 - 1 4 - 2 4 - 3 4 - 4 4 - 5 4 - 6 4 - 7 Introductory. Tube

10、Replacement. . . . . . . . . ReplacementofBallastTubeV6 BasicVoltageCalibration. ACVoltageCalibration OhmmeterAdjustments TroubleshootingChart. IV -1 IV - 1 IV -3 IV - 3 IV -4 IV -4 IV -5 SECTION VREPLACEABLEPARTS 5 - 1 5 - 4 5 - 6 Introduction. . OrderingInformation Non-listedParts. V - 1 V - 1 V-I

11、 Appendix A B C CODELISTOFMANUFACTURERS SALES AND SERVICEOFFICES MANUAL BACKDATING CHANGES RANGES: ACCURACY: FREQUENCY RESPONSE: INPUT IMPEDANCE: PROBE: POWERSUPPLY: SIZE: WEIGHT: RACK MOUNTING: SPECIFICATIONS 1to300voltsfullscalein 6ranges:1,3, 10, 30, 100,and300volts ACorDCand0-1000voltrangeDC.Res

12、istance0.2ohmto500meg- ohmsinsevenranges.Mid-scalereadingof 10, 100,1,000,10,000, 100, 000ohms,1megohm,and 10megohms. 3%of fullscaleonallrangesonsinusoidalACvoltagesand DCvolt- ages.TheACportionoftheinstrumentisapeak-readingdevice, calibratedinrmsvolts.Ohmmeteraccuracyis1ohmatmid-scale of RX1range,5

13、%atmid-scaleofallotherranges. Frequencyresponseisflatwithinldb up to 700meanddropsoffless than1dbat20cps.Proberesonantfrequencyisabout1,250meandan indicationcanbeobtainedupto3,000me. Inputcapacityis1.5 pf; inputresistanceis10megohmsatlowfrequen- cies.Athighfrequenciesresistancedropsoff duetodielectr

14、iclosses. DCinputresistanceisapproximately122megohmsforallranges. Theprobeisapproximately1(2.54em)diameterand4-1/2(9.4em) long.Itisequippedwithagroundclip,andtheconnectormaybesol- deredtothepointundertest.Adaptingconnectorsareavailableto measurevoltagesincoaxialtransmissionlines. 115/230volts10%,50/

15、1,000cps,40watts. CabinetMount:11-1/2(29.2em)high,7-3/8(18.7em)wide,8-3/4 (22.2em)deep.Compartmentatrearofinstrumentstoresprobeand testleadswhen notinuse. CabinetMount:12lbs.(5.4kg);shippingweightapproximately(7. 65kg) RackMount:12Ibs.(5.4kg);shippingweightapproximately(9.0kg) AvailableonstandardRET

16、MA7x 19panel. I NOTE DIMENSIONSININCHES AprfO(MILLlMETERS) I 8 13,21 -19- 1482,61 ACCESSORIES AVAILABLE: 11039ACapacitiveVoltageDivider,25KVmax.,requires11018A Adapter. 11040ACapacitiveVoltageDivider,2KVmax. 1l042AProbeCoaxialTConnector,forTypeNsystems. 11044ADCResistiveVoltageDivider,30KVmax. 11043

17、ACoaxialNConnector,adaptsto TypeNsystems. J 410BVacuumTubeVoltmeter WARNING Thea-cprobeshell,theCDmmongroundcliplead,theinstrumentchassis andcabinet,andthegreengroundingleadinthethree-conductorpowercable areelectricallyconnectedtogetheratalltimes.WhentheNEMAconnector isusedinthepropermanner,agroundp

18、athisestablishedbetweenthe410B andequipmentwhichisalsogrounded.Donotconnectthegroundclipleador thea-cprobebodytoanypointwhichisnotatgroundpotentialbecausea shortcircuitwillbecreated.Ifsuchameasurementisnecessary,discon- necttheNEMAgroundinthepowercablebyusinganadapterwiththeground- ingpig-tailremove

19、d,andthecabinetinsulatedfromground.THE 410B CABINET WILL BE AT THE SAME POTENTIALASTHE NEGATIVECLIPLEAD.CAUTION MUSTBEUSED IFTHECLIPLEADISCONNECTED TO A POINT WHICH IS MORE THAN AFEWVOLTSOFF GROUND.BECAUSEOFTHEPOTENTIALHAZARD TOPERSONNEL,TillSMETHODISNOT RECOMMENDED. Onesideofalmostallpowerdistribut

20、ionsystemsisgrounded.Extremecau- tionmustbeusedifdirectmeasurementofpowersystemvoltagesisat- tempted.Ifthegroundclipleadisaccidentallyconnectedtotheungrounded sideoftheline,severedamag.etothe410Bispossiblebecauseoftheshort circuitcreated.Powerlinevoltagescanbesafelymeasuredbyusingthe probeTiponly.Co

21、ntactingthegroundedpowerconductorwillgiveareading of0voltswhilecontactingtheungroundedleadwillgivefulllinevoltage reading. The410Bisdesignedforthemeasurementofaudioandr-fvoltagesandis excellentforthispurpose.Innormalpracticethesevoltagesarealmost alwaysmeasuredwithrespecttochassisgroundandnoconcernn

22、eedbegiven togrounds.D-Cvoltagescanalmostalwaysbedeterminedbymeasurements withrespecttoground,eitherdirectlyorbysubtraction.J 1-1GENERAL DESCRIPTION TheModel 410Bisalaboratoryqualityvolt-ohm- meterthathasbeenespeciallydesignedformaking accuratevoltagemeasurementsinthefrequency rangefrom20cpstoover70

23、0mepersecond, with usefulindicationsatfrequenciesashighas1500 megacycles.Theinstrumenthasfullscalea-c rangesof1, 3, 10, 30, 100 and 300volts,with an inputresistanceof 10megohmsatlowfrequen- cies,shuntedby1.5f.lf.lf.Dcrangesareprovided with fullscalevaluesof 1, 3, 10, 30, 100, 300 and 1,000 volts. Th

24、e de inputresistanceisapproximately 122megohmsonallranges.Theohmmeterranges havemid-scalevaluesof 10, 100,1,000,10,000, 100, 000,1,000,000, and 10,000, 000 ohms.Accurate resistancereadingsfrom1 ohm to 500 megohmsare easilymade. Themeterscalecalibrationisverystraightfor- ward.Allde voltagerangesandac

25、ranges10volts andabovearereadon twoblackscalescalibrated 0-1and0-3.Duetononlinearityofthediodeat verylowvoltages,the1and3voltacrangesare readonspecial,separate,redscales. Allresistancereadingsaremade on oneOHMSscale. Figure1-1isadrawingofthe410Bmeterscales. Figure1-1.MeterScaleCalibration0j)410B Sec

26、t.IPage1 SECTIONI GENERAL Powerfortheohmmetercircuitsissuppliedbythe instrumentpower supply whicheliminatestheneces- sityofusinganybatterywithitsattendentmainte- nance. The highaccuracyobtained withallvoltagemeasure- mentsmakesthe0j)Model410Busefulfora wide varietyoflaboratory and field applications

27、,especially in high frequency work. Construction of thea-cprobe issuchastoenabletheoperatortominimizelead length and input capacity,factorswhichusuallyre- strictthehighfrequencyrangeininstrumentsof thistype.Thewiderangeofa-candd-cvoltage andresistancemeasurementscombinedwithcon- venience ofoperation

28、makethe410Bveryusefulfor alltypesofcircuittestingandtroubleshootingas wellasdevelopmentwork. 1-2POWER LINE VOLTAGE Whentheinstrumentleavesthefactory,thedual 115 voltprimarywindings ofthepowertransformer areconnected inparallelforoperationfroma nominal 115voltsource.Ifoperationfromanominal230 voltsup

29、plyisdesired,thewindingsmaybeeasily reconnected inseries.Refertotheschematicdraw- ingfordetailsoInstallthecorrectpowerlinefuse aslistedintheTableofReplaceableParts. 1-3THREECONDUCTOR POWERCABLE Thethreeconductorpowercablesuppliedwiththis instrumentisterminatedin apolarizedthree-prong maleconnectorre

30、commendedbytheNationalElec- tricalManufacturersAssociation.Thethirdcon- tactisanoffsetroundpn,WHICH GROUNDS THE lNSTRUMENT CHASSIS whenusedwiththeappro- priatereceptacle.TousetheNEMAconnector Sect.IPage2 in astandardtwo-contactreceptacle,athree-prong totwo-prongadaptershouldbeused.Theground connecti

31、onemergesfromtheadapterasashort leadwhich should be connectedtoa suitable ground fortheprotectionof operatingpersonnel. 1-4ACCESSORIES The410Bisnotfurnishedwith anyaccessories, however anumberofspecialaccessoriesaremade bywhich extendthea-candd-cvoltagerangeof theinstrumentandfacilitatea-cmeasuremen

32、tsin coaxialsystems.A description oftheseaccessories andtheirspecificationsiscontained below; theac- cessoriesareshown inFigure1-2. a.Model11040A Capacitive VoltageDivider TheModel 11040A CapacitiveDividershownin Figure1-2aextendsthea-cvoltagerangeofthe 410B Multimeterto2000 voltsrms.Thedivideris fo

33、ruseatfrequencies above10kilocycles.Voltage divisionis100:1,1%,and the input capacityisap- proximately2micromicrofarads. b.Model11039A Ci:aCitiveVolteDivider TheModel11039Aapacitive DiVIder shownin Figure1-2bextendsthea-cvoltagerangeofthe 410BMultimetertoasmuchas25kilovolts.This dividerpermitemeasur

34、ementofextremelyhigh a-cvoltagessuchasareencounterdindielectric heatingequipmentandsimilarapplications.The frequencyrangeofthedividerisfrom25cpsto 20mc, althoughasfrequencyincreases,thedivider isde-ratedtolimitther-fcurrentflowing through itscapacitors. A fixed gapisprovidedsothatbreak- down willocc

35、urif the applied voltage exceeds about 28kvatlowfrequencies.Voltage divisionis1000:1, 3%,andtheinput capacityis15micromicrofarads. Anadapter,11018A,isalsorequiredto connect the410BACprobetotheshieldedbanana plugfit- ting ofthe11039A. (The 11039A fittingisdesigned foruse wifh a 400 D typemeter.) c.Mo

36、del11043AProbeCoaxial N Connector TheModel 11043A coaxialconnectorshownin Figure1-2c allows thea-cprobe ofthe410B Multi- meterto beconnectedtoa50-ohmcoaxialline. Theconnectorusesafemaletype Nconnectorand areceptacleforreceiving thea-cprobeofthe410B voltmeter.Noterminatingresistorisincluded. d.del4l0

37、Bisparticularlysuitable becausethephysicalconfiguration of the diodeand probeisthatof aconcentricline,andwith a few precautionsitcanbeconnectedtotypicalcoaxial transmissionlinecircuitswithlittledifficulty. To connect theCjJModel410Bintoan existing coaxial transmissionline,cutthelineawaysothecenter c

38、onductor of the lineisexposed through a holelarge enough toclearthe body of thevoltmetera-cprobe. Thenoseoftheprobeshouldberemovedforthis type ofmeasurement.Connectoneterminalof a button-typecapacitorofapproximately50micro- microfaradsto thecenterconductorof thecoaxial linesothattheotherterminalof t

39、hecapacitorwill contact the anode connection of the probe.Aclose- fittingmetalshieldorbushing should bearrangedto groundtheoutercylinderoftheprobeto theouter conductorofthetransmissionline.Thistypeof connectionislikelytocausesomeincreaseinthe standing waveratioof the lineathigher frequencies. TheCjJ

40、Model11042ACoaxialTConnectorisde- signedtodothisjobwith avswroflessthan1.1at 500mc.Seeparagraph1-4. d.EffectofParasiticson Voltage Readings - Atfrequenciesabove500megacycles,leadsor portionsofcircuitsoftenresonateatfrequencies two,threeorfourtimesthe fundamental of thevolt- age beingmeasured.Theseha

41、rmonicsmaycause seriouserrorsin themeterreading.OWingto the resonantriseintheprobecircuitatfrequencies above1000megacycles,themetermaybemore sensitiveto theharmonicsthan to the fundamental. Tomakedependablemeasurementsatthesefre- quencies, thecircuitsbeingmeasuredmustbefree ofallparasitics. e.Effect

42、ofDCPresentWithACSignal - Whenmeasuringsmallacvoltages,whichare presentata point along with highdepotential,you may obtain a voltage reading whichisinerror.This iscausedby averysmallleakagecurrentthrough the blockingcapacitorin thetipof theacprobe,and Sect.IIPage7 1.4(1+990/10). thenRo/t1-0.2,K-0.55

43、,andthemultiply- ingfactorwouldthenbe Hence,itmaybeseenthatinthecaseofnegative pulsesofshortdurationmuchsmallerreadingswill beobtainedthanforanequivalentpositivepulse. Asaresult,largemultiplyingfactorsmustbeused and unless the pulse voltageislarge,thesemeasure- mentsmaybeimpractical. Forthecaseof a

44、10microsecondnegativepulse and apulserepetitionfrequencyof 1000pulsesper second, t1 would be 990microsecondsand t2 would equal10microseconds.Thus,Ro/t1would beap- proximately0, andtherefore(fromFigure2-5)K wouldalsobeapproximatelyO.Themultiplying factorwouldthenbe 0.55). 1000 1.4(1+9+ mightoccurwhen

45、youattempttomeasurea 1volt acsignalattheplateof avacuumtube. Ifthisleakageisaproblemyoushouldaddanex- ternalblockingcapacitoraheadoftheprobetip. AMylarorpolystyrenedielectriccapacitorofO.005 J.1.forlargerisrecommended.Theusualpaperor ceramiccapacitorwillnothavesufficientlyhigh leakageresistancetoeli

46、minatetheproblem. Factoryspecificationsrequirethattheprobetip blockingcapacitorhavenotlessthan 100,000meg- ohmsresistance,whichisthehighestvalueobtain- ablein apartthatmeetsotherrequirements.This isveryhigh, butstillmakesa1000:1voltagedivider with the122megohmsinputresistanceof themeter circuitswhen

47、 on the 1voltacrange.A100voltdc potentialwill be divided downandwillpresent(ap- proximately)a0.1voltsignalto themetercircuit. Onhigheracranges,theeffectisreducedpropor- tionately. 2-9PULSEMEASUREMENTS The410Bisapeak-respondingrmscalibratedtype voltmeterandisdesignedtomeasurethepositive peakvalueofth

48、eappliedvoltage.Thisproperty allowsthein kilohmsandthe durationofthepositiveportionof the pulset 1 inmicrosecondsarelmown. Asanexample,suppose: tl=10microseconds, Ro=2 kilohmsandthepulserepetitionfre- quencyis1000pulsespersecond, .2.3.4 Figure2-5. .5.6.7.9 I./T. GraphusedinCalculation ofPulseVoltage

49、s Sect.IIPage8 2-10RESISTANCE MEASUREMENT ABOVE 500 MEGOHMS Becauseofitsveryhigh inputresistancetheModel 410B,supplementedby anexternalvoltage,canbe usedtomeasureremelyhighresistances.Any convenientd-cvoltage upto1000voltsmay be used, the higher voltages permittingmeasurementofhigher resistances.A45-voltBbatteryextendsthe resistancemeasurementrangetoapproximately 250,000megohms.Resistancesashighasseveral millionmegohmsareeasilyandaccuratelymade whentheleakagebetweenthetestleadsisheldto aminimumbycarefulplacement.Thehighestre- sistancethatcan bemeasuredislimitedb