LCAudio-Zappulse2_2SE-pwr-sm 电路图 维修手册.pdf

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1、ZAPpulse 2.2 Special Edition ZAPpulse amplifiers represent the best in PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) amplifiers. Based on a single integrating modulator stage, the ZAPpulse has the shortest feedback delay of any PWM amplifier available on the market, allowing for best possible sound quality. These mo

2、dules are ultra efficient at some 96% of the applied power is usable audio power! This means almost no heatsinking is necessary. Despite the small size these modules are incredibly rugged and will drive 2 Ohms and even lower impedances with no hazzle! Power exceeding 1 kW per module is fully support

3、ed! The input stage is fully balanced, without conversion circuits, so both balanced and unbalanced signals are equally usable. Sound quality is on level with market leading Class A amps! L C Audio Technology Inc. COOKBOOK P u l s e F i e l d T e c h n o l o g y And ZAPpulse 2.2 Standard up to 580 W

4、atts RMS in 4 Ohms Credit Card sized footprint! Assembled and tested PWM Amplifier module for DIY Audio! RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial use. No copying for

5、commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technology Inc. More Informations: 2 19 8 11 14 7 5 17 9 20 4 17 7 3 19 18 19 16 6 12 Content. Bridge Tied Load, and disabling of protection Compensated Mode Complete Amplifier Schematic Cooling Requirements Mechanical properties More ZAP

6、pulse techtalk Minimalist System Passive Volume Control Principle of Operation Professional use (PA) Table of Output pow er vs. Power Supply Voltage Technical Data Active Crossover w ith ZAPpulse 2.2 supply Effects of switching frequency Shopping List Surround System Syncronous Mode Connection of in

7、put / output Connection of power L C Audio Technology ApSZAPpulse 2.2SE 2 1.0 1.0 1.1 1.1 2.0 2.0 ZAPpulse Sound Quality vs. VersionZAPpulse Emissions vs. Version 2.1SE 2.1SE 2.2SE 2.2SE IDE Harddisk L C Audio Technology Inc RadioFans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 Principle of Operation. 3 Out Gnd +60V -60V Filter

8、Integrator Differential Comparator Gate Driver Power Stage Output Filter P u l s eF i e l d T e c h n o l o g yGnd + ZAPpulse 2.2SE This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial use. No copying f

9、or commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technology Inc. In a conventional amplifier the input signal is amplified through various analog stages to a progressively higher amplitude. In the final stages of the amplifier, the output stage, high current capability is added to en

10、able the amplifier to drive loudspeaker loads. When current is drawn out of the output stage to the load, heat is dissipated in the output stages, since the load current multiplied with the voltage drop over the output device gives a power value (of average 60% of the max. output power) that needs t

11、o dissipate in heat sinks. 60% is not the power loss After the output devices the square wave need to be filtered with a choke and capacitor. This filter regenerates an analog signal that can be fed to the loudspeakers. The choke and capacitors quality is paramount in order to get a good sound quali

12、ty, so we use an oversized (1.5 kW) ultra high speed ferrite core with silver conductor and TEFLON insulator. This choke has a very low impedance (only 5 milli Ohms), and allows for a good damping factor in any speaker load. To get an output signal of say 30V, the output devices are made to switch h

13、igh 75% of time, and 25% of time low. In this case the Pulse Width is 75%. SinceV+ to V- voltage is 120V, the output voltage seen from V- is 75% of 120V = 90V as seen from the minus rail. Translating to 30V, above GND. (As wanted in our example. Operating from +60V to -60V allows for any output volt

14、age in this range, including 0V. Thus a total DC coupled system for highest possible sound performance. Pulse Width Modulation is often shortened to PWM. A very important stage in a PWM amplifier is the modulator. It can be made i various ways, with different properties. We have selected and optimiz

15、ed the balanced integrating type. at maximum output power, but the average heat dissipated at various output power levels (except very small levels below 1W). So a 100 Watt amplifier will as average need to dissipate 60 Watts power into heat sinks. The ZAPpulse operates in a different way, the outpu

16、t devices are either off or on with no significant voltage drop. So even when the load draw large amounts of current, there is only minimal power to be dissipated. To control the signal amplitude, the pulse width of the output square wave is controlled very accurately. L C Audio Technology Inc Radio

17、Fans.CN 收音机爱 好者资料库 4 More ZAPpulse Techtalk! ZAPpulse 2.2SE This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial use. No copying for commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technol

18、ogy Inc. The heart of the ZAPpulse amplifier is a balanced integrating PWM modulator. It basicly integrates the DC level of one switching cycle of the output stage, including any switching noises, slope differences etc. Then this value is compared, and corrected in the next switching cycle to create

19、 an output signal of exactly 0 Volt. This correction is performed every switching cycle, which is about 500.000 times per second. The input signal is injected directly into the integrator to keep signal paths ultra short. No signal conditioning, such as DC blocking, HF blocking or other limiting fac

20、tors are present on the ZAPpulse module. So if this is required by your application, you have to add these functions outside the module. When signal is applied to the input, the integrator no longer corrects the output signal level to 0 Volts, but to the audio signal. The feedback group delay is kep

21、t very low, only around 1 uS, to allow for TIM free operation. The analog integrating feedback loop has a lower group delay of any completely digital (DSP based) feedback loop. And since output switching noise products are the same no matter the modulator type, the analog feedback loop gives a much

22、better rejection of noise products than a true digital approach. Its all about speed, and how fast the noise can be cancelled. The output square wave has a base frequency of typ. 460 kHz, and rise times of some 10.000 V/uS. The slopes are minimised to around 80nS to keep switching losses low at heav

23、y speaker loads. However at low signal amplitudes the main power loss comes from capacities in the MOSFETs, so transitions are slowed to reduce EMI, noise and idle loss. This is controlled by the PulseField circuit in the Gate driver. A simple rule says that at no signal, a ZAPpulse loses some 9.5 W

24、atts power to capacities in the MOSFETs, and at full power it loses another 9.5 Watts to serial resistance. So at 500 W out you only have to dissipate around 19 Watts to the heat sinks. One great advantage PWM amplifiers have over conventional analog amplifiers is, that PWM amplifiers have exception

25、al ability to expand the sound stage with added sound level. An analog amplifier would typically collapse the soundstage at higher levels, depending on the size of the power supply (why we have huge power supply banks in all our analog amplifiers). The PWM will play with wide and deep sound stage at

26、 any listening level, even with a very (almost too) small power supply. We have made tests with a 2 x 250 W RMS ZAPpulse amp, running with only two 2200 uF 100V main caps. And it still has plenty of bass control, definition, width and depth.Opportunities for interesting experiments in this field are

27、 obvious. L C Audio Technology Inc 5 +60V +60V -60V -60V Power GND Power GND Power GND Power GND OUT OUT 10.000uF 63V 10.000uF 63V 10.000uF 63V 10.000uF 63V Connection of a Power Supply External Gate Drive. There is no need to use huge capacitor banks, like with Class A or A/B amplifiers. Almos all

28、the power of the PSU will be translated to audio power, so smaller caps will work just as well. 10.000 uF is adequate for driving 2 channels at full power. +60V +60V -60V -60V Power GND Power GND SHORT! SHORT! SHORT! SHORT! SHORT! SHORT! ZAPpulse 2.2SE + + Gate Drive Remove bubble The ZAPpulse 2.2SE

29、 module has an on-board Gate Drive regulator. It derives its voltage from the negative -60V rail (why the negative rail has a higher consumption than the positive rail). By feeding a separate gate drive voltage from the power supply (15-20 V DC 200 mA) you can reduce the idle loss of a ZAPpulse modu

30、le from 9.5W to 5W. This will make your amplifier even cooler! IMPORTANT! The Gate drive voltage (minus) must be tied to the -60V rail NOT to GND! This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial us

31、e. No copying for commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technology Inc. L C Audio Technology Inc To make ZAPpulse 2.2SE work, simply connect a typical Audio Power Supply of +/-35V to +/- 72V. (max. 60 V for the standard version). The output power depends on the voltage of the

32、 power supply. The 2.2 standard version uses 63V capacitors, on the board, while the 2.2SE uses 100 V caps. This is why the SE can be made to deliver much higher powers than the standard modules. In the standard version, the sound quality of the main caps must be considered. The midrange and treble

33、sonic properties of these caps, will interact with the overall sound performance of the amplifier, so we recommend using very high quality caps with standard modules. With the SE modules the mid and high frequency performance is fixed at the highest level by the BC Vishay series RLI136 (100uF 100V).

34、 So PSU caps only need to have good bass props. Always use short and heavy wire between PSU caps and modules (less than 4-5 inches). 6 You can also Bridge-tie your speaker loads to get higher output power. For this you need 2 ZAPpulse modules per audio channel. Output Power vs. Power Supply Voltage.

35、 2 U R Transformer AC V 2 x 24 V AC 2 x 27 V AC 2 x 33 V AC 2 x 36 V AC 2 x 40 V AC 2 x 42 V AC 2 x 45 V AC 2 x 50 V AC Transformer AC V 2 x 24 V AC 2 x 27 V AC 2 x 33 V AC 2 x 36 V AC 2 x 40 V AC 2 x 42 V AC 2 x 45 V AC 2 x 50 V AC : Not recommended for safe operation of modules.note DC Voltage +/-

36、 32 V DC +/- 36 V DC +/- 45 V DC +/- 49 V DC +/- 55 V DC +/- 58 V DC +/- 62 V DC +/- 69 V DC DC Voltage +/- 32 V DC +/- 36 V DC +/- 45 V DC +/- 49 V DC +/- 55 V DC +/- 58 V DC +/- 62 V DC +/- 69 V DC 8 Ohms Power 60 W 78 W 119 W 144 W 180 W 200 W 230 W 286 W 8 Ohms Power 219 W 286 W 448 W 542 W 682

37、W 758 W 879 W 1100 W 4 Ohms Power 106 W 137 W 222 W 266 W 340 W 380 W 438 W 548 W 4 Ohms Power 397 W 526 W 837 W 1019 W 1291 W 1439 W note note P = ZAPpulse 2.2SE This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or n

38、on commercial use. No copying for commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technology Inc. L C Audio Technology Inc The Output power can be calculated as a function of the max. signal amplitude, which depends on the supply voltage. At +/- 60V Supply Voltage the amp can ideally d

39、eliver 120 Vpp. To calculate the output power we need the RMS value, which is simply 120 / 2pi = 120 / 2,82 = 42,6 Vrms (in this example). Output power is then calculated using Ohms Law: P = Output Power RMS U = RMS Voltage (42,6) R = Speaker Impedance (8) In this example 223 watts RMS. This was ide

40、al values, in ZAPpulse the practical values are corrected with a serial loss of 1 - 3 VDC depending on load impedance (1 V 8 Ohms). At +/- 60 VDC you will get a practical output power of: some 210 Watts RMS. See below for output powers at other transformer voltages, and load impedances. Bottom table

41、 shows bridge mode ZAPpulse modules operating at very high power! 7 Connection of In- and Outputs. Here you can see how inputs and outputs are connected to the ZAPpulse module . +Out +Out +Out -Out -Out -Out +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT Unbalanced Input. Ba

42、lanced Input Passive Volume control 12 3 XLR FEMALE Chassis plug as seen from rear side. If you want to ensure safe operation of your ZAPpulse module, dont let the input wires close to loudspeaker cable,power line cable, power transformers or the Ferrite coil. Dont leave long input wires unconnected

43、. STRIPLINE STRIP LINE Potentiometer 22k log. Seen from FRONT ZAPpulse 2.2SE This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio constructors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial use. No copying for commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005

44、L C Audio Technology Inc. L C Audio Technology Inc 8 Bridge Tied Load and disabling of Protection system. Thanks to ZAPpulses true balanced modulator it is very easy to BLT the modules. Due to the increased load on each module, you may experience pumping or fallout in the signal, this comes from the

45、 protection circuit. To avoid pumping simply disable the protection system as shown below. +Out +Out -Out -Out +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT +60V -60V Power GND OUT SHORT and HEAVY ! SHORT and HEAVY ! Balanced Input Unbalanced Input 12 3 XLR FEMALE Chassis p

46、lug as seen from rear side. ZAPpulse 2.2SE Add Bubble Add BubbleThe two bubbles should only be added if you wish to disable the protaction system. The two bubbles should also be added here if you wish to disable the protection system . This booklet is intended for non commercial use by DIY audio con

47、structors. Contents may be copied and distributed freely for private or non commercial use. No copying for commercial purposes is allowed. Copyright 2004-2005 L C Audio Technology Inc. L C Audio Technology Inc 9 Effects of the Switching Frequency. Remote Shutdown. The Switching Frequency is the numb

48、er of switching cycles per second. It is NOT the same as the bandwidth of the amplifier! Higher switching frequencies may theoretically lead to higher resolution in the treble regions, but may also add switching noise and extra distortions. The free running frequency of a ZAPpulse 2.2SE is 460 kHz +

49、/- 20 kHz. We recommend leaving the module in the free running mode unless there are special factors speaking for an external frequency control. This may be to have the module run syncronously with a D/A converter, or if you have several channels in the same enclosure. In this case on or more of the modules may interact with the others to create a background noise. In this case you can syncronize the modules with a common clock, to eliminate the high pitch noise. More about this later. In our experience there is really no incentive to run the modules at higher frequencies, as it will